Los Angeles DUI Attorney Blog

August 25, 2011

Pasadena DUI Penalties for Six-time DUI Offenders – Do they Match Penalties for Greenville, South Carolina, Offenders?

What might happen if you got arrested and charged with driving under the influence in Pasadena six times in a single calendar year?

What might that experience teach you?

Let’s not jump to conclusions. There is always the possibility that you were just unlucky. Or maybe a local police officer has it out for you because you two got into a bar fight once, and he hasn’t let the grudge go. It’s possible. But if you’ve been arrested and charged with DUI six separate times in a single year – like Greenville, South Carolina, resident Warren Brooks – maybe it’s time to have a serious heart-to-heart with a therapist to find out what’s at the core of your bad decision making and risky behavior.

That’s right – this actually happened to somebody.

Accordingly to WSOCTV.com (a South Carolina-based TV station website), Brooks was pulled over and arrested for DUI six times within a calendar year.

Here is a quote: “Brooks’ first driving the under influence charge occurred in August 2010. The second charge came in May. His third and fourth followed within two weeks. The fifth charge in June involved a hit and run, and he had to post higher bond amounts of $25,000 for DUI and $10,000 in the hit and run charge. The sixth DUI charge was in July, according to police reports and court records.” Greenville County Chief Prosecutor Walt Wilkins criticized Brooks’ behavior: “This is one of the most egregious cases that we’ve seen in a long time…obviously, he has an issue with alcohol.”

Brooks’ lawyer publicly stated that his client has never been in legal trouble prior to this spate of charges: “He is a very intelligent man…his life just spiraled out of control.”

Look, sometimes in life we face unlucky streaks: we make bad decisions often. That’s life.

Unfortunately for defendants, Pasadena DUI penalties ratchet up every time you are convicted of an offense. For instance, if you are a first time offender, you might face a misdemeanor. The consequence could be dire, but not end-of-the-world dire: 40 hours in jail, $1,000 fine on top of court costs, six weeks to nine months of DUI alcohol school, one year suspended license, mandatory installation of an interlock device in your car in some cases, and tough probation terms.

But if you are arrested for a second time, third time, fourth time, or, unbelievably, sixth time, the penalties become harsher. For instance, a fourth-time Pasadena DUI offender – someone who commits four DUIs within a 10-year span — faces a minimum of 180 days in a jail, just for a misdemeanor! Stack on: a four-year license suspension, 30 months of alcohol school, three year license suspension, and a variety of other punishments, including the possibility of escalating that misdemeanor charge to a felony.

Once you get on this rollercoaster of multiple charges and losing control in general, it’s hard to hit the metaphorical brakes in your life.

That’s why attorney Michael Kraut of Pasadena’s Kraut Law Group Criminal & DUI Lawyers, Inc. (790 East Colorado Boulevard, 9th floor, Pasadena, California 91101 Phone: (626) 345-1899) is a strong advocate for strategic defense thinking. You need to think long term. It’s not just about getting yourself exonerated from, or minimizing, your current penalties. Yes, those are important. But your challenge is also about probing deeper, trying to identify the fundamental causes driving your Pasadena DUIs or criminal behavior, addressing those, rebuilding your confidence, and getting your life back on track. You don’t have to figure this out all on your own. A Pasadena criminal defense attorney can help you understand your rights and figure out what to do next.

August 23, 2011

Burbank DUI with Alcohol and Mean Girls: Lindsay Lohan Thrashes Ex-girlfriend Samantha Ronson after Ronson’s DUI Bust

by Michael Kraut

You might think that people who have been arrested for driving under the influence in Burbank or elsewhere in SoCal would be able to bond over their experiences. Especially if those two people were once friends and lovers. But that’s not always the case…

As this blog reported a few weeks ago, DJ and party girl Samantha Ronson got pulled over near Bakersfield and arrested for driving under the influence while en-route to LA from the city that never sleeps. According to Gather.com, Ronson allegedly called her ex-girlfriend, Lindsay Lohan – one of the most famous faces of all-time in the Los Angeles DUI blogosphere – expecting, possibly, consolation and commiseration.

Instead, allegedly, the “mean girl star turned mean for real and lambasted her former girlfriend, taunting her, calling her names, and laughing at her current misfortune. “Wow, you turned out to be a fine example…” LiLo sneered. “You think you would have learned something from all those hours of boring lectures you gave me!”

The Gather.com article said that the conversation between the exes was “loud” and “ended with Ronson yelling that she would never call her evil ex again and then slamming down the phone.”

Obviously, this story is a bit salacious. Ronson and Lohan were, at one time, tabloid staples. But the story illustrates a deeper truth about the Burbank DUI process. Specifically, surprises abound. You might expect one person in your life to be sympathetic, but be surprised to be met with scorn and opprobrium. Conversely, you might discover resources that completely change your life for the better, such as a strategically focused Burbank criminal defense attorney (2600 West Olive Avenue, 5th Floor, Burbank, California 91505 Phone: (818) 563-9810).

The attitude with which you face your Burbank DUI charge can make all the difference. If you look at what’s happened to you – and the possible penalties you face – with a “woe is me” attitude, that’s not resourceful or productive, nor is it even entirely true.

This isn’t to say that you shouldn’t face up the reality, acknowledge the possibly paralyzing legal situation you are in and take positive and powerful action to fix your problems. But your arrest and charges can lead to self-growth and the cultivation of new and resourceful perspectives on your life. Yes, you might face surprising setbacks even after the surprising arrest. Like an ex-boyfriend, girlfriend, family member, or friend being far less than sympathetic and rubbing salt on your wounds.

But you also have the opportunity to change things and transform your life for the better. Connect with Burbank’s Kraut Law Group Criminal & DUI Lawyers, Inc. to discuss your case in confidence with Harvard Law School-educated former prosecutor Michael Kraut and begin the process of constructively and resourcefully navigating your future.

August 21, 2011

What Scary Beverly Hills DUI Penalties Await That’s So Raven Star Orlando Brown? (Kid Star Busted for DUI with Pregnant Girlfriend in Car? Yikes!)

by Michael Kraut

The Beverly Hills DUI process is no trip to the candy store.

But when young adults, like That’s So Raven star Orlando Brown, drive under the influence of alcohol or drugs, the penalties and other consequences can be stark and very, very serious. Last Friday night, law enforcement officers pulled over Brown for driving without a license plate while his pregnant girlfriend was in the car. Police investigated and noticed the odor of alcohol on Brown, so he was subject to a field sobriety test. Allegedly, the results were not good.

Police booked Brown at the Hollywood station around 12:30 in the morning and released him early Saturday after he posted $15,000 in bail. The 23-year-old actor/rapper now faces some serious legal difficulties, as well as possible branding troubles. After all, Brown is a product of the Disney TV empire. And Disney is extremely protective of its brand. It wants its stars young, wholesome, and untainted by unsavory allegations – especially trouble like Beverly Hills DUI.

So what does someone like Brown do to fix the situation? And how might his solutions parallel or diverge from the solutions “ordinary people” use, who will also do things like fail Beverly Hills DUI sobriety tests?

The Parallels

The law doesn’t care whether you are a celebrity, teen heartthrob, or ordinary Joe. If you violate California Vehicle Code Section 23152(a) or 23152(b), you are in for a rough ride, including jail time, lost/suspended license, many weeks of alcohol school (mandatory), court costs and fines, and generally a lot of other trouble.

The law, however, is very interested in your past record – what happened to your behavior during and after the accident and/or arrest, and your attitude and level of contrition going forward. If you have a criminal record, it will also come into play. Brown, for instance, got pulled over in 2007 for driving with his lights off, and the police discovered marijuana in his vehicle. Whether that’s an issue in this case isn’t clear. But bad criminal behavior – or even bad driving behavior – will impact your chances for a successful defense against DUI charges.

The Differences

The biggest difference between a celebrity Beverly Hills DUI and an “ordinary Joe” DUI is probably attitudinal. In other words, the attitude with which you approach your DUI situation really matters. If you are imbued with self-confidence, hope, compassion, a sense of remorse, and a sense that you are life is going to be okay despite the bad news – that’s the right attitude to have. Because when you think positively and resourcefully, you will be more likely to connect with other resources that can help you, such as an experienced and extremely competent Beverly Hills criminal defense attorney. Attorney Michael Kraut of Beverly Hills’ Kraut Law Group Criminal & DUI Lawyers, Inc. [9107 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 450, Beverly Hills, California 90210 Phone: (310) 550-6935] is standing by to provide a free and confidential consultation regarding your DUI arrest. Attorney Kraut is a Harvard Law School-educated former prosecutor. He wields his experience from both sides of the law (prosecutor and defense attorney) to tremendous effect for his clients.

August 17, 2011

Beverly Hills DUI Penalties: False Report on Twilight Actor’s Alleged DUI Riles Up the Blogosphere

by Michael Kraut

We all know driving under influence in Beverly Hills is a serious crime. And even just getting arrested – not even convicted – can lead to mortifying anguish.

But what if you just get REPORTED as having been arrested for DUI? Can that still do harm?

Ask actor Kiowa Gordon — the actor who played the shape-shifting werewolf from the Twilight movies. Gordon was arrested last Monday in Tempe, Arizona, for an outstanding arrest warrant related to his possession of drug paraphernalia (a glass marijuana pipe) and possessing alcohol underage.

According to TMZ.com: “The 21-year-old actor was a passenger in a vehicle that was stopped for a ‘routine registration check’ in Tempe…during the stop, cops discovered there was an active warrant for Gordon’s arrest – so they took the actor into custody and booked him into a local jail.”

All pretty standard stuff.

And any celebrity who has had to walk the gauntlet of the Beverly Hills’ DUI arrest process knows that getting arrested and booked is no fun. It is probably less than fun to have the same conversation with your publist, executive producer, family, friends, and attorney about what happened – having to re-live the arrest over and over and over again.

But what happens to someone like Gordon, who was falsely accused of driving under the influence? Perception has a way of becoming reality, particularly in Hollywood. This is not just an idle discussion. It has real applications to your Beverly Hills DUI arrest. In other words, irrespective of whether you passed or failed the breathalyzer test, performed well or poorly on field sobriety tests, and did or did not violate traffic law, you will be judged based on the charges. That’s just the sad fact, and it even happens to people who are eventually exonerated.

The question of the day is: how do you deal?

Now that you’ve been arrested, and you face charges – ranging from a simple misdemeanor DUI to a complex hit and run charge – what should your approach be? Should you hope the problem goes away? Pretend that it never happened? Ignore the lessons of the arrest and aftermath of the arrest?

Or should you start looking for resources and contacting a respected Beverly Hills criminal defense attorney?

Successful people recognize how important it is to constantly do reality checks. So, what is true for you now about your DUI arrest? What do you want to happen? Beverly Hills DUI defense attorney Michel Kraut can answer your questions and construct a complete, thorough, and sophisticated case that will get you results. Mr. Kraut is a former Los Angeles city prosecutor – he spent 14 years serving as a Senior Deputy District Attorney – and he is a regular expert consultant on DUI law for KTLA News, The New York Times, Fox News, and other major media organizations. Connect with The Kraut Law Group Criminal & DUI Lawyers, Inc. in Beverly Hills (9107 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 450, Beverly Hills, California 90210 Phone: (310) 550-6935) now for assistance.

August 15, 2011

Burbank DUI Penalties Abolished? Perhaps if Michel Moore Gets His Way and the Nation Elects Matt Damon as President….

by Michael Kraut

Burbank DUI penalties are notoriously unpleasant.

As this blog has blogged about umpteen times, if you are arrested and convicted – even for a misdemeanor – you could lose your license for a year, serve jail time, pay colossal fines and fees, and even suffer the indignity of paying to install an interlocking ignition device (IID) in your vehicle.

Not exactly something you want to show off on a first date.

Some people think that our draconian Burbank DUI process is in serious need of reform. But what kind of reform? Who knows. But if the liberal firebrand Michael Moore has his way, the reform could be handed down by none other than President Matt Damon.

You read that right.

Last week, Michel Moore “endorsed” Damon to be President. In a recent statement, the progressive filmmaker said this about the 40-year-old Damon, “I think that he has been very courageous in not caring about who he offends by saying the things that need to be said here… sometimes even when you run an actor, you win. And I guess I only throw his name out there because I’d like us to start thinking that way.”

Obviously, it’s more than a little bit of speculation to suggest that Michel Moore’s endorsement would catapult Damon to launch a progressive challenge against Barack Obama in the 2012 election, win the election, and then make it a priority to reform Burbank DUI laws. There are probably multiple flights of fancy and gaps of logic in that sequence. But it’s worth at least mulling over hypotheticals like this.

So much of our laws are based on arbitrary historical precedents. Someone decided a certain law, restriction, or punishment was a good idea; that idea stuck, and it paved the way for our current thinking. And so, it’s useful, healthy, and even invigorating to play with speculations like, “What if President Matt Damon legalized marijuana?” Or “what if President Damon radically changed America’s view on DUI, distracted driving, and other driving dangers?”

Obviously, the speculation is quite ridiculous. But it’s intentionally so. Because it’s trying to break you out of your old ways of thinking about DUI policy and practice.

Of course, there is a very pragmatic element here – particularly if you or a loved one faces a Burbank DUI charge. You want someone who is an expert in Burbank DUI, someone with credentials, and someone who is respected not only by clients but also by their legal peers (including prosecutors and judges).

Connect with Attorney Michael Kraut of the Kraut Law Group Criminal & DUI Lawyers, Inc. (2600 West Olive Avenue, 5th Floor, Burbank, California 91505 Phone: (818) 563-9810). Attorney Kraut is a highly-esteemed Burbank criminal defense attorney and can help you understand your rights and responsibilities as a defendant and make smarter choices.

August 12, 2011

Pasadena DUI Arrest and Political Drama: PA Representative Joe Brennan Arrested with a BAC of 0.30%!

by Michael Kraut

The law says, quite clearly, that driving under the influence in Pasadena is illegal. If you are caught breaking the law, you can face an unpalatable gamut of punishments, including jail time, fines, fees, a damaged reputation, suspended license, mandatory interlock ignition device installation in your car, and so on and so on. Yikes.

The point is: the law is crystal clear. As it is elsewhere in the United States.

Nevertheless, even lawmakers themselves time-to-time violate it!

Here’s a case in point. Way out in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, PA State Rep Joe Brennan got arrested for driving with a BAC of 0.30% – nearly four times the legal limit for Pasadena DUI, according to California Vehicle Code Section 23152. Last Tuesday, the Democrat abandoned his right to a preliminary hearing, and his stunningly high BAC was made public.

Due to the extremely high BAC, Brennan faces steeper charges that could net him fines of up to $5,000, a full year license suspension, and up to half a year in jail. This judge called the Rep’s BAC “alarming.”

The 47-year-old got arrested back in late June. According to court reports, he had been weaving all over the road. His driving was so horrific that another driver, Angel Hernandez, called 911 to report him. Eventually, he pulled into a parking space, hopped out of his car and promptly fell and hit his head really badly. Another driver, Angela Cartwright, saw Brennan fall. Bystanders helped him up… and he hopped into his car and drove away.

Later, police reported that Brennan “had a strong odor of alcohol on his breath.” He also had slurred speech and bloodshot eyes. These are all common symptoms of Pasadena DUI. (Other common symptoms include loss of coordination, inability to answer police questions coherently, conflicting stories, aggressive or odd behavior, inability to complete field sobriety tests, and failure to pass a breathalyzer test.)

A competent Pasadena criminal defense attorney, such as Mr. Michael Kraut of Pasadena’s Kraut Law Group Criminal & DUI Lawyers, Inc. (790 East Colorado Boulevard, 9th floor, Pasadena, California 91101 Phone: (626) 345-1899), can help you identify and address the problems you face, so you can begin to constructively deal with them – and avoid causing yourself new problems.

If you did get pulled over with a very high Pasadena DUI BAC — or you destroyed property, committed a hit and run, or even hurt another person while under the influence — now is the time to make resourceful, appropriate, sensible decisions. Connect with Mr. Kraut (a former city prosecutor) to discuss your concerns and a better way forward.

August 10, 2011

Long Beach DUI Penalties: A Cautionary Tale, as Former NBA Star Starts 20-Day Jail Sentence

by Michael Kraut

Let’s get this straight: driving under the influence in Long Beach is a crime. A major one.

Depending on how you defend yourself (e.g. whether you consult with an experienced Long Beach criminal defense attorney or not), as well as the circumstances of your Long Beach DUI arrest, you can face truly horrific punishments, such as jail time. It doesn’t matter whether you are a celebrity, political superstar, rock star, or athlete.

Just ask Lindsey Lohan.

The latest proof that Long Beach DUIs can and will be punished — hugely — comes out of Pontiac, Michigan, where Jalen Rose, a former NBA player and ESPN analyst, started a 20-day jail sentence pursuant to his March arrest in West Bloomfield Township for DUI. According to an Associated Press article, “Rose crashed his sports utility vehicle… after drinking 6 large martinis. The 38-year-old pleaded guilty in May.” According to the AP story, the judge who sentenced Rose was known for “tough punishments.” 20 days behind bars is anything but light, especially since the analyst didn’t hurt anybody (expect for his car) in the disaster.

The story illustrates a truism about Long Beach DUI punishments. Namely, you can never identify in advance all the possible “X factors” that can lead to better (or worse) outcomes for your case. Here are some X factors, over which you have little to no control:

• Judge has a reputation of being unusually harsh;
• Police officer who arrested you (for whatever reason) has some sort of grudge;
• You can (or cannot) find compelling exonerating evidence;
• Your can (or cannot) win sympathy from a judge or mercy from prosecutors.

So there are so many factors outside of your control. Focusing on them can be depressing.

But fortunately, you can leverage factors within your control to get (probably) far better results than you likely realize is possible right now. In other words, don’t say: “this is all so unfair. The police, prosecutor, judge, [insert other villain here] is against me. I have no hope.”

Instead, focus on being resourceful. What is true about your situation now? What do you want out of your situation in terms of preventing punishments and protecting privileges and rights?

Once you are very, ultra clear about where you are and where you want to be, you can start collecting resources to achieve that reality faster and more efficiently.

One great potential resource is Attorney Michael Kraut of the Kraut Law Group Criminal & DUI Lawyers, Inc. (located in Long Beach at: 444 West Ocean, Suite 800 Long Beach, California 90802 Phone: (562) 531-7454) Mr. Kraut is an experienced former prosecutor who is often called upon as a legal expert by major media throughout the Southland. As a former prosecutor, he understands how other prosecutors think and react, and he can use his insight and knowledge to build a better case for you.

August 9, 2011

Beverly Hills DUI Arrest Bombshell? Lindsey Lohan’s Ex-girlfriend Stopped for Racing in Bakersfield

by Michael Kraut

Every Beverly Hills DUI blog lights up every time a new twist emerges in the sordid, epic tale of actress Lindsey Lohan’s legal drama. Last week, some news broke that’s only tangentially related to Ms. Lohan… but it still caused ripples in the blogosphere and may hold indirect lessons for people out there who’ve recently been stopped at a Beverly Hills DUI checkpoint.

Lohan’s ex-girlfriend, DJ Samantha Ronson, got pulled over outside of Bakersfield last Monday for speeding. Ronson allegedly raced 90 miles over the speed limit in her Porsche Targa.

Ronson admitted that she had consumed alcohol hours before hopping into the Porsche. Ronson was put through a balance test. As regular readers of this blog appreciate, Beverly Hills DUI field sobriety tests can be quite involved and can involve tests like the Rhomberg test, the finger to the nose test, horizontal gaze nystagmus test (often the first one given), counting backwards, walk the line test, etc, etc. FSTs can be quite the ordeal.

August 3, 2011

Long Beach DUI Homicide Tragedy: Suspect in Fatal DUI Jumps to his Death in Prison Cell

by Michael Kraut

A fatal DUI in Long Beach is always a needless tragedy. We can all agree on that.

But sometimes horrific events can be ratcheted up in terms of their horribleness fivefold, thanks to “after the crash” mistakes, errors of judgment, lack of decisive positive action, and so forth.

Indeed, many cases of DUI in Burbank, Glendale DUI, Pasadena DUI, Los Angeles DUI, and DUI elsewhere throughout the Southland take turns for the tragically worse – when defendants react non-resourcefully to their situations.

This is all little abstract. So let’s bring it home with a specific example – a case out of suburban Philadelphia. Last week, a 45-year old man, Mathew McNamara, apparently killed himself in prison. He had been charged with vehicular homicide while driving under the influence, after a July 13 automobile accident killed a woman and hurt a child.

According to a local Indiana paper, the Daily Reporter (out of Greenfield, Indiana), McNamara “died from injuries sustained in a fall from the upper level of the cell block at a central Pennsylvania prison… police say accounts of McNamara intentionally jumping from the cell block’s upper level are consistent with surveillance footage.”

Obviously, if you played any role in a fatal Long Beach DUI event – even if you were not fully culpable – the grief and guilt may be weighing heavy on your heart. Even if you caused only minor damage – such as a Long Beach DUI with injury or just damage to an automobile or property – you may be feel overwhelmed, confused, and, frankly, angry at yourself.

But you can’t turn back the clock. What’s done is done. You made a mistake — or you got unfairly charged. And that’s the reality now. The question is: how do you deal resourcefully with your circumstances?

A Los Angeles criminal defense attorney can help you plot out a strategy for your defense, combat charges, and clue you into outside resources to help you deal with your alcohol problem (if you have one).

You face fundamental choices. You may need to make reparations to someone you harmed. But there are resourceful ways of doing this that can not only help release your guilt but also help the victim – or the victim’s family – come to turns with what happened and experience emotional relief.

Doing all this is tricky. And right now, you are probably most concerned with urgent issues: Will you go to jail? For how long? What are your other punishments? What can you do to bring order to this chaos? Etcetera.

Turn to Long Beach attorney Michael Kraut at the Kraut Law Group Criminal & DUI Lawyers, Inc. (444 West ocean Suite 800  Long Beach, California 90802 (562) 531-7454) for help with your situation. Mr. Kraut is a former Deputy District Attorney (a high profile prosecutor), and he can help you understand what to do next.

August 2, 2011

Burbank DUI: Will It Be Eliminated Entirely Thanks to New Technologies?

by Michael Kraut

What causes people to drive under the influence in Burbank, and what can stop them?

These questions obsess lawmakers, policymakers, police, and analysts who cover news about DUI in Los Angeles, Burbank DUI, Pasadena DUI, and Glendale DUI.

Most solutions concentrate on driver behavior. Policymakers try to deter drivers from consuming alcohol, narcotics, and prescription medications before getting behind the wheel. And they punish people who violate these rules and laws — not only to send a message but also to “clear the roads” of dangerous drivers.

A new movement has cropped up that’s focusing on looking beyond behavior. This new crop of DUI analysts believes that technology may be able to play a vital role in terms of reducing the number of crashes and the severity of injuries.

A recent story in the Washington Examiner analyzed a proposed Maryland law that would compel anyone convicted of driving DUI with a BAC of 0.15% or greater to install an interlock ignition device (IID). (0.15% BAC is nearly twice the BAC for Burbank DUI, as specified in California Vehicle Code Section 23152).

As this blog has discussed at length, California has started a mandatory IID installation program of its own – and Los Angeles County is one of the test counties.

This technology-centered approach to ending DUIs makes some sense.

But rather than getting mired in the debate about the rightness or wrongness of this conclusion – one could probably also paint an argument that first time offenders are penalized too much – let’s think bigger picture.

Maybe correcting behavior alone is not enough. And maybe technology won’t solve our problems either. Maybe we need a solution that is more humanistic, diverse and social science based. In other words, instead of continuing to trust old broken systems or shooting for the moon and hoping that some random new technology will solve all our problems, let’s take a deeper look at what makes drivers do the things they do.

One hard to ignore factor is social contagion.

Human beings like to fit in. That’s a deep human need. Peer pressure is an enormously powerful factor. And policymakers surely do not leverage this factor well enough.

For instance, we all know that Burbank DUI arrests spike around national holidays, like New Year’s Eve, the 4th of July, and the Super Bowl. This is because there is a social contagion effect going on. More people party. More people drink. More people get behind the wheel.

Thinking in terms of social contagion leads us to cool new solutions. For instance, what if we focused on making DUI behavior look less cool? We need not necessarily increase punishments. Rather, we need only source and address the core, often counterintuitive motivating factors. Perhaps we would make better progress.

In any event, from a practical point of view, if you have a question about a Burbank DUI, you likely want to speak with a Los Angeles criminal defense attorney. Mr. Michael Kraut of the Kraut Law Group Criminal & DUI Lawyers, Inc. (2600 West Olive Avenue, 5th Floor Burbank, California 91505 (818) 563-9810) has ample experience – not just as a defense attorney but also as a former prosecutor. His experienced on both sides of cases gives him a profound and unique vantage, which he can bring to bear to deliver strategic results for you.